MATLAB is a programming language developed by MathWorks that is used for numerical computing tasks including matrix manipulations, data visualizations, and advanced mathematical computations.

Duration: 12 weeks

Intakes: Jan,April,July,Oct

What is DevOps?

DevOps is a movement and shift in current culture. It consists of modular programming, iterative development, and collaboration between software development and operations teams to integrate and break down silos within organizations. It establishes a whole environment where faster, efficient, and cost-effective software deliverables are possible.

Build DevOps skills to meet demands

The ability to ship applications to market faster in order to maintain a competitive edge is what companies today need. A growing number of organizations continue to adopt DevOps practices to help deliver software faster, with more reliability and fewer errors.

How do you get there? A deep understanding of DevOps best practices helps teams come together, from developers to operations and even the IT security teams. Foundational knowledge, core processes, and imperative technical tools are what helps to accelerate a DevOps environment. At Global Knowledge, we’ve taken this concept to create a unique DevOps training curriculum that will help organizations adopt this emerging methodology and apply it to their day-to-day environment.

What do our DevOps courses cover?

Begin with an introduction to core concepts and move directly to intermediate DevOps process skills, such as continuous delivery and continuous integration. When it comes to tech, we offer training on the most popular automation tools such as Ansible, Docker, Chef, Puppet, and more. Keep in mind that complementary methodologies will be critical to the management and support of a DevOps environment and can be done through Agile, Scrum, Lean, Kanban, and ITIL framework training courses. And when you’re ready to achieve certification, check out our DASA and DevOps Institute (DOI) certification prep training.

Learn the principles and best practices of DevOps that can prepare teams towards meeting business goals and customer satisfaction.

Ready to get started? Enroll in one of our DevOps courses today!

DEV OPS, INFRASTRUCTURE & CLOUD SERVICES

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user. The term is generally used to describe data centers available to many users over the Internet. Large clouds, predominant today, often have functions distributed over multiple locations from central servers. If the connection to the user is relatively close, it may be designated an edge server.

Clouds may be limited to a single organization (enterprise clouds), or be available to many organizations (public cloud).

Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale.

  • AWS
  • Azure
  • On Premise Infrastructure.

Fees: KES 80,000

INTAKE: MONTHLY INTAKE

Learn how DevOps has brought together years of the most effective and proven practices from development and operations (Agile, Lean, and more) – and aligned them around common characteristics: value, cross-functional collaboration, agility, and strong teams. DevOps is really the marrying of process, infrastructure, and product. Take this DevOps training course to learn how to bring these groups together to optimize, re-think, and re-engineer your processes.

We’ll take a look at establishing a common definition of DevOps and understand why DevOps is so important. Through case studies, we’ll see that high performing organizations are using DevOps as a competitive advantage. Don’t be left behind! In addition, this class will teach the keys to foster a culture for successful DevOps .implementations and give you a roadmap to get started. Finally, this class will help you understand the tools necessary to automate your processes for maximum efficiency. We’ll put all the pieces of the puzzle together for you.

WHAT YOU’LL LEARN

  • Discover what DevOps is and is not
  • Learn how other organizations are using DevOps concepts to gain a competitive advantage
  • Understand the tools that can help you automate processes
  • Learn tips and techniques for changing your culture to support DevOps
  • Understand why DevOps is important and why high-performing IT organizations are rushing to implement DevOps concepts
  • Review case studies to understand exactly how companies are achieving DevOps success
  • Learn how to optimize, rethink, and re-engineer your IT processes to deliver value to your customers faster than ever!
  • Take Agile to the next Level – end to end processes with all IT groups
  • Understand the metrics you should be focusing on
  • Get real-world examples that work

OUTLINE

Classroom Live Outline

Part 1: Introduction

  • DevOps Defined
  • High-Performance IT Organizations
  • Core Chronic Conflict
  • Exercise: Pain Points
  • Business Value of DevOps
  • Where DevOps Came From
    • W Edwards Deming and Total Quality Management
    • The Lean Movement and Toyota Production System
    • The Agile Development and Infrastructure Movements
    • Exercise: Agile Infrastructure
    • The Continuous Delivery Movement
  • IT Service management and DevOps
  • End Goals of DevOps and CALMS

Part 2: Maturing a DevOps Practice in the Enterprise

  • DevOps and Organizational Culture
  • 2 Patterns You Can Follow
  • The Involvement Principle
    • Information Security Principles
  • Exercise: The Involvement Principle
  • Scaling DevOps in the Enterprise

Part 3: The DevOps Journey – The Three Ways

The First Way: Optimize Flow

  • Principles of Flow
  • Infrastructure As Code
  • Infrastructure Configuration Mgmt and Tools
  • Deployment Pipeline and Tools
  • Shared Version Control and Tools
  • Build Quality In
  • Containerization
  • SOA and Microservices
  • Exercise: Optimizing Flow

The Second Way: Amplify Feedback

  • Principles of Feedback
  • Telemetry Principles
  • System Monitoring Tools
  • Log Aggregation and Tools
  • Use Telemetry to Anticipate Problems
  • Feedback For Safe Deployment of Code
  • Hypothesis-Driven Development
  • Exercise: Amplifying Feedback

The Third Way: Continual Learning and Experimentation

  • Learning Culture
  • Innovation Culture
  • Exercise: Learning and Innovation Culture

Part 4: Course Conclusion

  • Q and A

WHO SHOULD ATTEND

  • Software Managers and Directors
  • CIOs, CTOs and IT Executives
  • Operations Managers
  • QA/Test Managers
  • Project Managers
  • Release and Configuration Managers
  • Developers and Application Team Leads
  • ScrumMasters
  • Product Owners and Managers

PDUS

This course qualifies you for the following PMI® Professional Development Units (PDUs):

Classroom Live and Virtual Classroom Live

  • Leadership = 0
  • Strategic and Business Management = 0
  • Technical Project Management = 7

Total = 7

Francis Mutura

Francis Mutura

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

June 2008 to July 2008

Level: ICDL (International Computer Driving License)

Institution: Institute of Advanced Technology

October 2008 to December 2010

Level: Diploma in Computer Science

Institution: University of Nairobi

October 2008 to December 2012

Level: Bsc Computer Science

Institution: University of Nairobi

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • Knowledge in web application development language: Object Oriented PHP, Jquery, Javascript, CSS3, HTML5 and Bootstrap.
  • Android application development and Knowledge in Java.
  • Practical knowledge of MYSQL, MSQL and Oracle database management.
  • Experience with infrastructure: Linus, Firewalls (Cyberoam) and Cloud systems such as the Microsoft azure platform.
  • PHP framework: YII, Laravel and Codeigniter.
  • Knowledge of API testing tools i.e Postman and REST-Assured.
  • Operating Systems: Windows and UNIX/Linux.
  • Microsoft:  Azure:Academic Knowledge API.
Jacob Shavia

Jacob Shavia

Experienced back-end developer with over 7 yrs experience working on collaborative projects across Africa with teams dispersed around the world. Languages Java ,C , .Clients KPLC ,Eneo (Cameroon),Family Bank, Safaricom Academy.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

May 2011 to 2013

Level: Master of Science Mobile Telecommunication Innovations.

Institution: Strathmore University’s Safaricom Academy and @iLabAfrica

February 2004 to November 2009

Level: Bachelor of Technology Electrical & Communication Engineering

Institution: Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • Programming in Java, C, PHP, Phython and HTML5 languages.
  • Mobile Application Development on Android (Dalvik and Native Development), J2ME and BlackBerry, iOS, Windows Mobile Platform.
  • Developing Value Added Services namely SMS, IVR and USSD.
  • Database Mangement for MYSQL, PostGres, SQLite, MS Access.
  • Woo Services RESTFUL APIs, WSDL, SOAP, XML, Python Web Services.
  • Social Media Integration (Facebook, Twitter and Twit Pic), Mobile Money (MPESA Instant Notification, Pesa PI, VISA, Pesapal).
  • Configuring, Support and Maintenance of Mobile Applications in App stores and Client sites.
  • Windows server 2008 Configuration and Troubleshooting.
  • Telephony and Data Networking.
Felix Owili

Felix Owili

Experienced in IT Advisory, Account Management, Technical Presales, Operations mangement, Business Development, Software Development and Implementation, System Audit, IT systems Security, Project Management, Training, System Analyst, Business Intelligence, Data Analysis.

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • BigData and Business Intelligence: IBM Cognos, IBM InfoSphere Data Explorer, IBM InfoSphere BigInsights, IBM InfoSphere Streams, IBM PureData for Analytics; Apache Hadoop (MapReduce and HDFS), JAQL, Pig, Hive, HBase, ZooKeeper, BigSheets, BigSQL.
  • Communication & Collaboration: Microsoft Office, Project, SharePoint, Visio. Lotus SmartSuite.
  • Operating Systems: Windows Server, CentOS Linusx, Ubuntu Linux.
  • Software & Web Applications: VisualBasic, HTML/HTML5, PHP, JavaScript, CSS/CSS3
  • Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server.
  • Web Servers: Apache, Tomcat, IIS
  • Media: Adobe CS (Fireworks, Flash, Photoshop, InDesign), CorelDraw.
Fred Kairu

Fred Kairu

over 5 years’ experience in web and software development and a combined experience in network security, web & system development and administration and IT support. I have knowledge of complex switching environments and complex wireless networking that supports secured access

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • Avid php 5.x , java developer and intermediate programmer in Ruby On Rails
  • Hands on Unix administration
  • Experience with deployment and consumption of web-services like SOAP and REST,
  • Configuration and scripting services from scratch on Linux, apache, nginx, mysql, using php and java
  • Familiarity with nimble, iterative web development
  • Excited by short time frames and high-stakes tech challenges
  • Highly flexible with rapidly-shifting needs and priorities
  • Familiarity with the LAMP stack with strong Object Oriented programming skills
  • Experience working with the YII MVC framework
  • Static and dynamic websites using Joomla CMS
  • Photoshop and Gimp (Linux) Completed Projects:
  • swimafrica.net (online swimming school check-in and mobile MIS )
  • co.ke -a property gallery for the kenyan market
  • laughindustry.co.ke(online event ticketing master)
  • com (ecommerce system)
  • Flyers, labels and designs with Photoshop and Gimp (Linux) Mobile Applications:
  • Farmers market (Android app for marketing farmers produce)
  • Kenya 360 (an Android app showcasing the Kenyan culture and geography)
  • Tatoo Gallery
  • A couple of other applications on android and an e-ticketing system on windows Phone Desktop Applications:
  • *Clinic MIS
  • A java desktop application for managing a clinic pharmacy ,doctor schedule, suppliers, laboratory schedules etc *TrafficGen Pro
  • A threaded Java application for driving traffic onto websites using referrals, proxies and user agents for maximizing hits, tested using the Selenium API
Peterson Munene

Peterson Munene

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2013 to 2017

Level: Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

Institution: Kisii University (Second Class Honor- Upper Division)

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • Programming skills in Java, Android and Python and C++ languages, Web development in Java EE, J2ME, Python, Django, PHP (YII2 Framework and OOP), JavaScript (React js and Angular js), CSS and HTML.
  • DevOps methodology [version control, Git, Mercurial], continous integration (Jenkins, Hudson), Continuous delivery and deployment (Docker, Puppet, Chef, Kubernetes, Stack and Nagios)
  • Creating and Consuming REST and SOAP Web Services in Spring MVC.
  • Testing Web Services using SOAP and Postman.
  • Competent in Android Google Location Service APIs as is Integrated in most of my Android Projects.
  • Well Conversant with MySQL, MSSQL, SQLite and MongoDB, Oracle, Firebase and Cassandra databases.
  • Networking skills: Subnetting, Routing and Switching, Configuration of Cisco Routers and Switches.
  • Competent in Microsoft Office products.
  • Data format exchange – JSON, XML, ISO 8583
  • SSL – Two way ssl
  • Experience with Web Servers (e.g. Apache, HTTP, NGINX, Apache Format, Jelly)
  • Experience in working with UNIX/LINUX environment.
Apply Now

MATLAB is a programming language developed by MathWorks that is used for numerical computing tasks including matrix manipulations, data visualizations, and advanced mathematical computations.

Duration: 12 weeks

Intakes: Jan,April,July,Oct

Overview

What is DevOps?

DevOps is a movement and shift in current culture. It consists of modular programming, iterative development, and collaboration between software development and operations teams to integrate and break down silos within organizations. It establishes a whole environment where faster, efficient, and cost-effective software deliverables are possible.

Build DevOps skills to meet demands

The ability to ship applications to market faster in order to maintain a competitive edge is what companies today need. A growing number of organizations continue to adopt DevOps practices to help deliver software faster, with more reliability and fewer errors.

How do you get there? A deep understanding of DevOps best practices helps teams come together, from developers to operations and even the IT security teams. Foundational knowledge, core processes, and imperative technical tools are what helps to accelerate a DevOps environment. At Global Knowledge, we’ve taken this concept to create a unique DevOps training curriculum that will help organizations adopt this emerging methodology and apply it to their day-to-day environment.

What do our DevOps courses cover?

Begin with an introduction to core concepts and move directly to intermediate DevOps process skills, such as continuous delivery and continuous integration. When it comes to tech, we offer training on the most popular automation tools such as Ansible, Docker, Chef, Puppet, and more. Keep in mind that complementary methodologies will be critical to the management and support of a DevOps environment and can be done through Agile, Scrum, Lean, Kanban, and ITIL framework training courses. And when you’re ready to achieve certification, check out our DASA and DevOps Institute (DOI) certification prep training.

Learn the principles and best practices of DevOps that can prepare teams towards meeting business goals and customer satisfaction.

Ready to get started? Enroll in one of our DevOps courses today!

DEV OPS, INFRASTRUCTURE & CLOUD SERVICES

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user. The term is generally used to describe data centers available to many users over the Internet. Large clouds, predominant today, often have functions distributed over multiple locations from central servers. If the connection to the user is relatively close, it may be designated an edge server.

Clouds may be limited to a single organization (enterprise clouds), or be available to many organizations (public cloud).

Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale.

  • AWS
  • Azure
  • On Premise Infrastructure.

Fees: KES 80,000

INTAKE: MONTHLY INTAKE

Curriculum

Learn how DevOps has brought together years of the most effective and proven practices from development and operations (Agile, Lean, and more) – and aligned them around common characteristics: value, cross-functional collaboration, agility, and strong teams. DevOps is really the marrying of process, infrastructure, and product. Take this DevOps training course to learn how to bring these groups together to optimize, re-think, and re-engineer your processes.

We’ll take a look at establishing a common definition of DevOps and understand why DevOps is so important. Through case studies, we’ll see that high performing organizations are using DevOps as a competitive advantage. Don’t be left behind! In addition, this class will teach the keys to foster a culture for successful DevOps .implementations and give you a roadmap to get started. Finally, this class will help you understand the tools necessary to automate your processes for maximum efficiency. We’ll put all the pieces of the puzzle together for you.

WHAT YOU’LL LEARN

  • Discover what DevOps is and is not
  • Learn how other organizations are using DevOps concepts to gain a competitive advantage
  • Understand the tools that can help you automate processes
  • Learn tips and techniques for changing your culture to support DevOps
  • Understand why DevOps is important and why high-performing IT organizations are rushing to implement DevOps concepts
  • Review case studies to understand exactly how companies are achieving DevOps success
  • Learn how to optimize, rethink, and re-engineer your IT processes to deliver value to your customers faster than ever!
  • Take Agile to the next Level – end to end processes with all IT groups
  • Understand the metrics you should be focusing on
  • Get real-world examples that work

OUTLINE

Classroom Live Outline

Part 1: Introduction

  • DevOps Defined
  • High-Performance IT Organizations
  • Core Chronic Conflict
  • Exercise: Pain Points
  • Business Value of DevOps
  • Where DevOps Came From
    • W Edwards Deming and Total Quality Management
    • The Lean Movement and Toyota Production System
    • The Agile Development and Infrastructure Movements
    • Exercise: Agile Infrastructure
    • The Continuous Delivery Movement
  • IT Service management and DevOps
  • End Goals of DevOps and CALMS

Part 2: Maturing a DevOps Practice in the Enterprise

  • DevOps and Organizational Culture
  • 2 Patterns You Can Follow
  • The Involvement Principle
    • Information Security Principles
  • Exercise: The Involvement Principle
  • Scaling DevOps in the Enterprise

Part 3: The DevOps Journey – The Three Ways

The First Way: Optimize Flow

  • Principles of Flow
  • Infrastructure As Code
  • Infrastructure Configuration Mgmt and Tools
  • Deployment Pipeline and Tools
  • Shared Version Control and Tools
  • Build Quality In
  • Containerization
  • SOA and Microservices
  • Exercise: Optimizing Flow

The Second Way: Amplify Feedback

  • Principles of Feedback
  • Telemetry Principles
  • System Monitoring Tools
  • Log Aggregation and Tools
  • Use Telemetry to Anticipate Problems
  • Feedback For Safe Deployment of Code
  • Hypothesis-Driven Development
  • Exercise: Amplifying Feedback

The Third Way: Continual Learning and Experimentation

  • Learning Culture
  • Innovation Culture
  • Exercise: Learning and Innovation Culture

Part 4: Course Conclusion

  • Q and A

WHO SHOULD ATTEND

  • Software Managers and Directors
  • CIOs, CTOs and IT Executives
  • Operations Managers
  • QA/Test Managers
  • Project Managers
  • Release and Configuration Managers
  • Developers and Application Team Leads
  • ScrumMasters
  • Product Owners and Managers

PDUS

This course qualifies you for the following PMI® Professional Development Units (PDUs):

Classroom Live and Virtual Classroom Live

  • Leadership = 0
  • Strategic and Business Management = 0
  • Technical Project Management = 7

Total = 7

Teaching Team
Francis Mutura

Francis Mutura

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

June 2008 to July 2008

Level: ICDL (International Computer Driving License)

Institution: Institute of Advanced Technology

October 2008 to December 2010

Level: Diploma in Computer Science

Institution: University of Nairobi

October 2008 to December 2012

Level: Bsc Computer Science

Institution: University of Nairobi

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • Knowledge in web application development language: Object Oriented PHP, Jquery, Javascript, CSS3, HTML5 and Bootstrap.
  • Android application development and Knowledge in Java.
  • Practical knowledge of MYSQL, MSQL and Oracle database management.
  • Experience with infrastructure: Linus, Firewalls (Cyberoam) and Cloud systems such as the Microsoft azure platform.
  • PHP framework: YII, Laravel and Codeigniter.
  • Knowledge of API testing tools i.e Postman and REST-Assured.
  • Operating Systems: Windows and UNIX/Linux.
  • Microsoft:  Azure:Academic Knowledge API.
Jacob Shavia

Jacob Shavia

Experienced back-end developer with over 7 yrs experience working on collaborative projects across Africa with teams dispersed around the world. Languages Java ,C , .Clients KPLC ,Eneo (Cameroon),Family Bank, Safaricom Academy.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

May 2011 to 2013

Level: Master of Science Mobile Telecommunication Innovations.

Institution: Strathmore University’s Safaricom Academy and @iLabAfrica

February 2004 to November 2009

Level: Bachelor of Technology Electrical & Communication Engineering

Institution: Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • Programming in Java, C, PHP, Phython and HTML5 languages.
  • Mobile Application Development on Android (Dalvik and Native Development), J2ME and BlackBerry, iOS, Windows Mobile Platform.
  • Developing Value Added Services namely SMS, IVR and USSD.
  • Database Mangement for MYSQL, PostGres, SQLite, MS Access.
  • Woo Services RESTFUL APIs, WSDL, SOAP, XML, Python Web Services.
  • Social Media Integration (Facebook, Twitter and Twit Pic), Mobile Money (MPESA Instant Notification, Pesa PI, VISA, Pesapal).
  • Configuring, Support and Maintenance of Mobile Applications in App stores and Client sites.
  • Windows server 2008 Configuration and Troubleshooting.
  • Telephony and Data Networking.
Felix Owili

Felix Owili

Experienced in IT Advisory, Account Management, Technical Presales, Operations mangement, Business Development, Software Development and Implementation, System Audit, IT systems Security, Project Management, Training, System Analyst, Business Intelligence, Data Analysis.

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • BigData and Business Intelligence: IBM Cognos, IBM InfoSphere Data Explorer, IBM InfoSphere BigInsights, IBM InfoSphere Streams, IBM PureData for Analytics; Apache Hadoop (MapReduce and HDFS), JAQL, Pig, Hive, HBase, ZooKeeper, BigSheets, BigSQL.
  • Communication & Collaboration: Microsoft Office, Project, SharePoint, Visio. Lotus SmartSuite.
  • Operating Systems: Windows Server, CentOS Linusx, Ubuntu Linux.
  • Software & Web Applications: VisualBasic, HTML/HTML5, PHP, JavaScript, CSS/CSS3
  • Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server.
  • Web Servers: Apache, Tomcat, IIS
  • Media: Adobe CS (Fireworks, Flash, Photoshop, InDesign), CorelDraw.
Fred Kairu

Fred Kairu

over 5 years’ experience in web and software development and a combined experience in network security, web & system development and administration and IT support. I have knowledge of complex switching environments and complex wireless networking that supports secured access

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • Avid php 5.x , java developer and intermediate programmer in Ruby On Rails
  • Hands on Unix administration
  • Experience with deployment and consumption of web-services like SOAP and REST,
  • Configuration and scripting services from scratch on Linux, apache, nginx, mysql, using php and java
  • Familiarity with nimble, iterative web development
  • Excited by short time frames and high-stakes tech challenges
  • Highly flexible with rapidly-shifting needs and priorities
  • Familiarity with the LAMP stack with strong Object Oriented programming skills
  • Experience working with the YII MVC framework
  • Static and dynamic websites using Joomla CMS
  • Photoshop and Gimp (Linux) Completed Projects:
  • swimafrica.net (online swimming school check-in and mobile MIS )
  • co.ke -a property gallery for the kenyan market
  • laughindustry.co.ke(online event ticketing master)
  • com (ecommerce system)
  • Flyers, labels and designs with Photoshop and Gimp (Linux) Mobile Applications:
  • Farmers market (Android app for marketing farmers produce)
  • Kenya 360 (an Android app showcasing the Kenyan culture and geography)
  • Tatoo Gallery
  • A couple of other applications on android and an e-ticketing system on windows Phone Desktop Applications:
  • *Clinic MIS
  • A java desktop application for managing a clinic pharmacy ,doctor schedule, suppliers, laboratory schedules etc *TrafficGen Pro
  • A threaded Java application for driving traffic onto websites using referrals, proxies and user agents for maximizing hits, tested using the Selenium API
Peterson Munene

Peterson Munene

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2013 to 2017

Level: Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

Institution: Kisii University (Second Class Honor- Upper Division)

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS

  • Programming skills in Java, Android and Python and C++ languages, Web development in Java EE, J2ME, Python, Django, PHP (YII2 Framework and OOP), JavaScript (React js and Angular js), CSS and HTML.
  • DevOps methodology [version control, Git, Mercurial], continous integration (Jenkins, Hudson), Continuous delivery and deployment (Docker, Puppet, Chef, Kubernetes, Stack and Nagios)
  • Creating and Consuming REST and SOAP Web Services in Spring MVC.
  • Testing Web Services using SOAP and Postman.
  • Competent in Android Google Location Service APIs as is Integrated in most of my Android Projects.
  • Well Conversant with MySQL, MSSQL, SQLite and MongoDB, Oracle, Firebase and Cassandra databases.
  • Networking skills: Subnetting, Routing and Switching, Configuration of Cisco Routers and Switches.
  • Competent in Microsoft Office products.
  • Data format exchange – JSON, XML, ISO 8583
  • SSL – Two way ssl
  • Experience with Web Servers (e.g. Apache, HTTP, NGINX, Apache Format, Jelly)
  • Experience in working with UNIX/LINUX environment.